Smart Tips To Produce High Quality Baleage In Changing Weather

By Andi Anderson

According to, Jason Hartschuh, Extension Field Specialist, Dairy Management and Precision Livestock, Ohio State University Extension, unpredictable weather conditions often create challenges for farmers during the forage harvesting season. Frequent rains reduce drying time, making it difficult to produce high-quality hay. In such cases, baleage becomes an effective solution for preserving forage and maintaining feed quality.

Baleage works best when forage is baled at a moisture level between 45 to 55 percent. After baling, it is important to wrap the bales within two hours. Delaying the wrapping process can increase the internal temperature of the bale, reduce its energy value, and affect overall quality. The process of baleage preservation depends on anaerobic conditions, where limited oxygen allows fermentation and acid production to preserve the forage.

If forage is baled at lower moisture levels, between 25 to 40 percent, proper fermentation does not occur. In such cases, baleage acts only as temporary storage. To prevent spoilage, it is necessary to increase bale density and use extra layers of plastic wrap to reduce oxygen exposure. Uniform bale size is also important, especially when using tube wrapping systems, to avoid air pockets.

Research has shown that wrapping lower-moisture hay can reduce heating and protect protein quality. The use of preservatives like propionic acid can further improve storage stability and extend the usable life of the feed after opening.

The quality of baleage starts at the mowing stage. Wide swaths help speed up drying and improve forage quality. Farmers should aim to wrap bales within four hours to maintain freshness.

High-density bales are essential for better fermentation and longer storage life. Denser bales reduce air spaces and support proper fermentation. Achieving higher density may require slower harvesting speeds and smaller windrows, but the results are beneficial.

Proper wrapping is equally important. Bales should be wrapped with at least six layers of plastic to block oxygen. Care must be taken during rainy conditions, as moisture can reduce the effectiveness of wrapping. Sharp forage stems can also damage the plastic, so additional layers may be required.

By managing moisture levels, bale density, and wrapping methods, farmers can produce high-quality baleage. These practices help reduce losses, improve feed value, and support better livestock nutrition, even during challenging weather conditions.

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